1

Definition of Diabetes

2

History of Diabetes

3

Classification of Diabetes

1

Global Prevalence

2

Epidemiology of complications

3

Diabetes Risk Factors

1

The digestive process

2

Anatomy of the Pancreas

3

Physiology of Blood Glucose Regulation

1

Glucose Metabolism

2

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism

3

Lipid Metabolism

1

Glucoregulatory hormones

2

Effects of Insulin on metabolism

3

Effects of Insulin-deprived or Dysfunctional State on Glucose, Protein, and Lipid Metabolism

1

Risk Factors for Diabetes

2

Insulin Resistance

3

Insulin Insufficiency

4

Genetics of Diabetes

5

Immunology of Diabetes

6

Special types of Diabetes

7

Metabolic Disturbances in Different Types of Diabetes

1

Overview of Diabetes Classification and Common Features

2

Clinical Manifestations of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

3

Clinical Features of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

4

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

5

Special Types of Diabetes Mellitus

6

Impact on systems

1

Advanced Diagnostic Criteria

2

Novel Biomarkers and Diagnostic Tools

3

Imaging Techniques and Assessment

4

Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems

5

Challenges in Diagnosis and Interpretation

6

Integrative Diagnostic Approach

7

Emerging Trends and Future Diagnostics

1

Oral Antidiabetic Agents

2

Injectable Antidiabetic Medications

3

Combination Therapies and Treatment Algorithms

4

Adverse Effects and Management of Medications

1

Oral Agents vs. Insulin: Indications and Timing

2

Overcoming Patient Barriers and Concerns

3

Insulin Therapy: Physiology, Administration, and Advanced Strategies

4

Types of Insulin and their Characteristics

5

Insulin Delivery Methods and Devices

6

Initiation and Titration of Insulin Therapy

7

Practical Aspects of Insulin Therapy

8

Advanced Insulin Strategies and Emerging Technologies

9

Managing Special Scenarios with Insulin

1

Chronic Kidney Disease

2

Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus and CKD

3

Assessment of Albuminuria and eGFR

4

Diagnosis of Diabetic Kidney Disease

5

Staging of CKD

6

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

7

Surveillance

8

Interventions

9

Referral to Nephrologist

1

Diabetic Retinopathy

2

Neuropathy

3

Foot Care

1

Assessment

2

Nutrition, Physical Activity and Behavioral Therapy

3

Pharmacotherapy

4

Medical Devices for Weight Loss

5

Metabolic Surgery